Several memorial stones in Kretinga remember the city's Jews who were murdered in summer of 1941. The Jewish community of Kretinga was among the first to be entirely murdered in the Holocaust.
History
Prior to the First World War Lithuania was part of the Russian Empire. At that time the city of Kretinga was bordering the German province of East Prussia. 1918 Lithuania gained independence, in 1923 Lithuania occupied the Klaipėda Region (German: Memelland), its capital was the seaport of Klaipėda, about 25 away from Kretinga. During the interwar period the population figure doubled to about 5,300 in 1939. About 700 Jews lived in the city who during the 1930s were subject to growing anti-semitic hostilities. In March 1939, the Klaipėda Region once again became part of the province of East Prussia following a German ultimatum. At that many Jews flew tried to escape the National Socialists by fleeing over the new border to Lithuania, 300 of them to Kretinga.
In 1940 Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union. One year later, on June 22, 1941 the German Wehrmacht attacked the Soviet Union and occupied Kretinga on the first day of the campaign. On June 26, 1941 members of the Gestapo and policemen of the »Einsatzkommando Tilsit« together with Lithuanian policemen murdered 214 Jewish men from Kretinga in a forest a few miles west of the city. This massacre was on of the first mass shootings of Jews after the German attack on the Soviet Union. During the following weeks and months German and Lithuanian units again and again murdered Jewish children, women and men from Kretinga, amongst other places on the Jewish cemetery. By the end of August 1941 there were no Jews left in Kretinga.
Victims
During the summer of 1941 German and Lithuanian units murdered approximately 1,050 Jewish children, women and men in and around Kretinga.
After World War One Lithuania gained independence from the Russian Empire. In June 1940 it was occupied by the Red Army as the result of a German-Soviet agreement – the so-called Hitler-Stalin (or Molotov-Ribbentrop) Pact. Many Catholic Lithuanians blamed the Jews as a whole for the loss of sovereignty and for the Soviet terror. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht soon gained control of Lithuania. Just two days later German units carried out the first mass shooting of Jews during this campaign in the border region of Garsden. In the first days of the war Lithuanian nationalists killed hundreds of Jews. Subsequently, the German-Lithuanian mobile killing unit »Rollkommando Hamann« launched daily attacks on Lithuanian towns and villages. By the end of 1941 they had shot almost all of the Jews living in the countryside and in small towns. Lithuanian SS units and police battalions were also involved in killing operations, particularly in Belarus. By summer 1944, between 140,000 and 150,000 Lithuanian Jews had been murdered – almost 99 percent of the Jewish population of the country in the interwar period. There were also around 70,000 Jewish victims from Vilnius and its surroundings, which had again become part of Lithuania following the destruction of Poland in autumn 1939.
After 1941, these acts of terror were also directed against mainly communist critics and other minorities. In addition, this period saw the start of deportations of forced labourers into the Third Reich. A total of around 170,000 non-Jewish Lithuanian civilians died in the process. After the Red Army had regained Lithuania in 1944, the country once again became part of the Soviet Union. Thousands of Lithuanians emigrated, whilst thousands more engaged in partisan combat against the Soviet occupation until the late 1950s (these partisans were also known as »Forest Brothers«). The Soviet secret service NKWD deported a total of around 500,000 Lithuanians to the Soviet Union. During the Soviet period, official memory in Lithuania focused above all on the heroes of the »Great Patriotic War« and on pro-Soviet Lithuanian patriots, but the murdered »peace-loving Soviet citizens and communists« were also commemorated. In 1958, a museum was opened at the former IX. Fort in Kaunas, one of the most significant mass murder sites in the country. An ensemble of monumental concrete memorials was erected on the site in 1984.
In 1990-91, Lithuania fought for independence from Moscow. The associated struggle with Soviet troops cost 14 lives. Many monuments from the Soviet period were subsequently dismantled and the decades of occupation and resistance became the main feature of national memory. The Soviet annexation of Lithuania in 1940-41 and between 1944 and 1990 was placed on an equal footing with the German occupation. As in Latvia and Estonia, occupation museums were established with a focus on the years of Soviet terror. A broad discussion of Lithuanian involvement in the Holocaust did not emerge until the 1990s. In 1998, an international committee was founded to investigate crimes during the National Socialist and Soviet occupation regimes.
In the decades since then, Lithuania’s memorial landscape has become much more diverse. One of the most important institutions is the Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum. At the former mass shooting site Paneriai on the outskirts of Vilnius a new museum building is being planned to complement the number of memorials and monuments already there. Already since 2014, there is a new permanet exhibition in Fort IX in Kaunas, while the internet project »Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania« is providing in-depth information on the mass shooting sites all over the country.
Remembrance
After the Second World War Lithuania was again part of the Soviet Union. Shortly after the end of the German occupation a Soviet special commission examined the crimes and collected the names of the murdered Jews of Kretinga.
The murder of the Kretinga Jews was subject of various trials during the late 50s and early 60s against members of the »Einsatzkommando Tilsit« and the »Einsatzgruppe A« (mobile killing unit) in the Federal Republic. Most of the men accused were only sentenced to only a few years of prison.
Only after the end of the Soviet Union memorials were erected at the historical places where the Jews of Kretinga had been murdered. In the forest of Kveciai about three kilometres west of Kretinga a stone cube is placed at the site of the mass shootings. The inscription in Hebrew and Lithuanian reads: »On this site 700 Jews were murdered in 1941.« The Jewish cemetery of Kretinga is partly preserved. Here too a small memorial stone was erected in the 1990s remembering the 356 Jews who were murdered here.
